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It is well-known that laundry waste water contributes to water pollution, and the need to reduce the amount of detergent used is widely recognized. Predominantly, research has focused on the washing effects of microbubbles and nanobubbles, and mechanical work was found to account for about 50 % of the washing effect on the cloth. In the present research, mixed nanobubble and microbubble water and four types of surfactants (including a commercial cleaning liquid) were investigated in an alternating flow system. The nanobubble water achieved a washing rate greater than that of ion-exchanged water. However, the microbubble water had the same washing rate as ion-exchanged water. Moreover, nanobubbles mixed with an aqueous solution of surfactant exhibited a washing rate that depended on the ionization of the surfactant: the mixture with nanobubbles and anionic surfactant exhibited a washing rate that was higher than that of aqueous anionic surfactant solution without nanobubbles. The surface tensions of nanobubble water and mixed nanobubble anionic surfactant were lower than those without nanobubble, respectively. Also, there was no advantage in mixed microbubble liquids. These results provide evidence of an enhanced washing effect by nanobubble mixtures in liquids.

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We thank Mr. Ryuichi Kayaba for technical assistance in carrying out these experiments. We also thank Dr. Keiko Amaki, Dr. Masahiro Karasawa, and Prof. Shinji Toga for help with these experiments and for their fruitful comments. We acknowledge supported from The Development Agency of Japan, The Japan Science and Technology Agency, and A-STEP (Adaptable and Seamless Technology transfer Program through Target-driven R & D) (Grant No. 221Z02275).

Affiliations

1. Center of Fostering Innovative Leadership, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181, Japan

   Akiomi Ushida

2. Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181, Japan

   Tomiichi Hasegawa & Takatsune Narumi

3. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050-2 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2181, Japan

   Naoyuki Takahashi, Shotaro Murao & Hiroshige Uchiyama

4. Daiko Engineering Company, Ltd, Nishi-ku, Hiroshima-shi, Japan

   Toshiyuki Nakajima

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Akiomi Ushida.

Cite this article

Ushida, A., Hasegawa, T., Takahashi, N. et al. Effect of Mixed Nanobubble and Microbubble Liquids on the Washing Rate of Cloth in an Alternating Flow. J Surfact Deterg15, 695–702 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-012-1348-x

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Keywords

• Nanobubble
• Microbubble
• Surfactant solution
• Surface tension
• Alternating flow